Learning and Memory.An introduction to theories of learning Essay

Learning and MemoryIntroduction impertinentup the room is the target deportment in Bobbys case. Mr. Kelly tries to keep on reminding his eight year old child to somewhat his room just now it is al slipway in vain. Since Mr. Kelly needs help in increasing the absolute frequency of his child bang-uping his room it could be assumed that bobby is trained and knows how to clean his room. The possible reason as to why he keeps on refraining from this trade union movement is however unclear. operant teach is a method of learning that incorporates acquirement of behaviour and facing the consequences of the behaviour. In this type of learning proceedss are effrontery to the learner either to encourage or discourage future repeat of the same behaviour (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2013). Operant instruct can be apply to encourage Bobby in cleaning up his room. Through the various components of operative condition Mr. Kelly can apply to encourage Bobby clean his room. Operant conditioning has two major concepts, livelihood and punishment, which could be used in dissimilar ways to encourage bobby to clean his room. Reinforcement involves using reward that would other than increase the chances of bobby cleaning his room more often. Mr. Kelly could use various rewards much(prenominal) as giving bobby clock to watch T.V, buying little gifts that are issued each succession bobby cleans his room. Such motivating factors lead encourage bobby to clean up his room. Reinforcement is of two types, verifying and prohibit repayment, both ways can be capitalised in changing the behaviour of bobby. In collateral reinforcement for instance Mr. Kelly needs to look for items such as toys or bars of chocolate, preferably Mr. Kelly could choose some of the items bobby loves most and use them to reward bobby after cleaning the room. Continuous use of negative reinforcement everywhere a long period of time would lead to Bobby developing an position towards cleaning his room. Thus positive reinforcement could be applied. For reinforcement to be effective both method should be used concurrently. Fixed balance schedule and variable ratio schedules can be used to work through and encourage bobby to always clean the room. Fixed ratio schedule leave alone always reward bobby after a number of times he has cleaned the room. This method will give immediate positive responses from bobby but would be consuming for Mr. Kelly. Variable ratio schedule would award bobby after unorthodox intervals of response from him. This can be very effective to reinforce Bobby to clean the room because the reinforcement can come all through the jump week and make the reluctance of cleaning the house an extinct behaviour. I will apply the operant conditioning to account for Jackies maturement of the behaviour of phobia towards dogs. This is because the operant conditioning shows or explains why the organisms will acquire learned behaviour that they exhibit. The vital focus of operant conditioning is by use of reinforcements as punishments or reward so as to increase or decrease the likelihood of occurrence or repeating of certain behaviour (Staddon & Cerutti, 2003). In the case of Jackie, she received a negative reinforcement from the dog bite and hence the phobia towards dogs development. withal the stitches and the time that she spent on medication made her develop the negative billet towards dogs. This is because, in operant conditioning, it is clear that continued use of negative reinforcement will lead to the victim developing an attitude towards that object or behaviour. Some of the behaviour modification that could be designed to help Jackie to wind the phobia that she has with dogs could be Jackie could first of all croak time with her spouse with a company the trained dogs. This will help Jackie to see that dogs were not wild and they always do not bite any time you had an encounter with them. This will somehow help her reverse the phobia she had towards dogs and likewise help her see the positive side of the dogs. She should also be allowed to spend time with the trained dogs with the dogs being guided by the trainer to continue lively, obedient and helpful to Jackie. This will act as a positive reinforcement towards Jackies behaviour. She will behind by slowly prick liking dogs and hence they will have a happy life story with her partner thereafter. There are two main principles of operant conditioning that are evident in the case of Emma. First by the parents stressful to offer Emma some kind of reward, they are trying to positively reinforce the behaviour of cleaning her room and toys through the principle of positive reinforcement. to a fault through putting her out, they are applying the principle of positive punishment by trying to add something bad so that she cannot repeat the same mistake. Operant conditioning theory could be applied in this case to even off Emmas behaviour through application of the four main principles of operant conditioning. The parents could apply the principle of negative punishment which is to take something good away(p) so as to decrease certain behaviour. Through application of this principle, they could sew away buying of toys to Emma so that she could be reinforced to clean the room. Also through negative reinforcement principle, which is taking something bad so as to reinforce behaviour could be applied by Emmas parents. They could level putting her in time any time that she cleans her room so that she can be reinforced to always clean her room and toys. liquidation of behaviour in operant conditioning theory can be defined as the disappearance of previously learned behaviour if the behaviour is not reinforced (Hunt et al, 2008). As we have earlier said, reinforcement is the urgency for learning and in which certain behaviour grows. It is either a meat to encourage or discourage certain behaviour (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2013). For instance, the E mma is conditioned to the behaviour that when she screams hard and through the toys away, her parents will collect them and clean them up for her. If the parents halt this behaviour, Emma could not adopt this behaviour because it will lack reinforcement and slowly it will cease and become extinct.ReferencesHunt, Elgin F. and Colander, David C. (2008). Social Science, An Introduction to the Study of Society.Olson, M. H. & Hergenhahn, B. R. (2013). An foot to theories of learning (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson.Staddon, J. E. R., & Cerutti, D. T. (2003). Operant conditioning. Annual redirect examination of Psychology, 54, 115-44.Source document